Ruby Operators

Types of Operators

10 + 5  # 15
10 - 5  # 5

10 == 5  # false
10 > 5   # true

true && false  # false
true || false  # true

x = 10
x += 5  # x = 15

🔹 Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators perform mathematical calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on numeric values.

# Arithmetic operators
a = 20
b = 5

puts a + b    # Addition: 25
puts a - b    # Subtraction: 15
puts a * b    # Multiplication: 100
puts a / b    # Division: 4
puts a % b    # Modulus (remainder): 0
puts a ** b   # Exponentiation: 3200000

25
15
100
4
0
3200000

🔹 Comparison Operators

Comparison operators compare two values and return true or false. They're essential for conditional statements and decision-making.

# Comparison operators
x = 10
y = 5

puts x == y    # Equal to: false
puts x != y    # Not equal to: true
puts x > y     # Greater than: true
puts x < y     # Less than: false
puts x >= y    # Greater than or equal: true
puts x <= y    # Less than or equal: false

false
true
true
false
true
false

🔹 Logical Operators

Logical operators combine multiple conditions and return boolean results. They're used to create complex conditional expressions.

# Logical operators
a = true
b = false

puts a && b    # AND: false (both must be true)
puts a || b    # OR: true (at least one must be true)
puts !a        # NOT: false (inverts the value)

# Practical example
age = 25
has_license = true
puts age >= 18 && has_license  # Output: true

false
true
false
true

🔹 Assignment Operators

Assignment operators assign values to variables. Compound assignment operators combine arithmetic operations with assignment for shorter code.

# Assignment operators
x = 10        # Simple assignment
puts x        # Output: 10

x += 5        # x = x + 5
puts x        # Output: 15

x -= 3        # x = x - 3
puts x        # Output: 12

x *= 2        # x = x * 2
puts x        # Output: 24

x /= 4        # x = x / 4
puts x        # Output: 6

10
15
12
24
6

🔹 Range Operators

Range operators create sequences of values. Use .. for inclusive ranges and ... for exclusive ranges (excludes the last value).

# Range operators
inclusive = (1..5)      # Includes 5
exclusive = (1...5)     # Excludes 5

puts inclusive.to_a.inspect   # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
puts exclusive.to_a.inspect   # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

# Using ranges in loops
(1..3).each do |i|
  puts i
end
# Output: 1, 2, 3

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
1
2
3

🔹 Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is a shorthand for if-else statements. It evaluates a condition and returns one of two values.

# Ternary operator: condition ? true_value : false_value
age = 20
status = age >= 18 ? "Adult" : "Minor"
puts status  # Output: Adult

# Equivalent if-else
if age >= 18
  status = "Adult"
else
  status = "Minor"
end

# Another example
score = 85
result = score >= 60 ? "Pass" : "Fail"
puts result  # Output: Pass

Adult
Pass

🔹 String Operators

Ruby provides operators for string manipulation, including concatenation and repetition for working with text data.

# String concatenation
first_name = "John"
last_name = "Doe"
full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
puts full_name  # Output: John Doe

# String repetition
laugh = "Ha" * 3
puts laugh      # Output: HaHaHa

# String append
greeting = "Hello"
greeting << " World"
puts greeting   # Output: Hello World

John Doe
HaHaHa
Hello World

🔹 Operator Precedence

Operators have different priorities. Operations with higher precedence are performed first. Use parentheses to control evaluation order.

# Without parentheses
result1 = 10 + 5 * 2
puts result1  # Output: 20 (multiplication first)

# With parentheses
result2 = (10 + 5) * 2
puts result2  # Output: 30 (addition first)

# Complex expression
result3 = 10 + 5 * 2 - 3
puts result3  # Output: 17

# With parentheses for clarity
result4 = 10 + (5 * 2) - 3
puts result4  # Output: 17

20
30
17
17