Python Numbers

# Integer variables
age = 25
temperature = -10
score = 0
big_number = 1000000

# Python can handle very large integers
huge_number = 123456789012345678901234567890
print(huge_number)  # No overflow errors!

# Check the type
print(type(age))        # 
print(type(big_number)) # 

# Integer operations
a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b)    # Addition: 13
print(a - b)    # Subtraction: 7
print(a * b)    # Multiplication: 30
print(a // b)   # Floor division: 3
print(a % b)    # Modulus (remainder): 1
print(a ** b)   # Exponentiation: 1000

# Age calculator program
current_year = 2024
birth_year = 1995

# Calculate age
age = current_year - birth_year
print(f"You are {age} years old")

# Calculate age in different units
age_in_months = age * 12
age_in_days = age * 365  # Approximate
age_in_hours = age_in_days * 24

print(f"That's approximately:")
print(f"  {age_in_months} months")
print(f"  {age_in_days} days")
print(f"  {age_in_hours:,} hours")  # Comma separator for readability

# Float variables
price = 19.99
pi = 3.14159
temperature = -2.5
scientific = 2.5e4  # Scientific notation: 25000.0

# Check the type
print(type(price))      # 
print(type(scientific)) # 

# Float operations
a = 10.5
b = 3.2
print(a + b)    # Addition: 13.7
print(a - b)    # Subtraction: 7.3
print(a * b)    # Multiplication: 33.6
print(a / b)    # Division: 3.28125
print(a // b)   # Floor division: 3.0
print(a % b)    # Modulus: 0.8999999999999995

# Rounding floats
result = a / b
print(f"Exact: {result}")
print(f"Rounded to 2 decimals: {round(result, 2)}")
print(f"Rounded to nearest integer: {round(result)}")

# Shopping cart calculation
item1_price = 12.99
item2_price = 8.50
item3_price = 25.75

# Calculate subtotal
subtotal = item1_price + item2_price + item3_price
print(f"Subtotal: ${subtotal:.2f}")

# Apply tax (8.5%)
tax_rate = 0.085
tax_amount = subtotal * tax_rate
print(f"Tax (8.5%): ${tax_amount:.2f}")

# Calculate total
total = subtotal + tax_amount
print(f"Total: ${total:.2f}")

# Apply discount if total > $40
if total > 40:
    discount = total * 0.10  # 10% discount
    final_total = total - discount
    print(f"Discount (10%): -${discount:.2f}")
    print(f"Final Total: ${final_total:.2f}")
else:
    print(f"Final Total: ${total:.2f}")

# Complex number creation
z1 = 3 + 4j
z2 = complex(2, -1)  # 2 - 1j
z3 = 5j              # Pure imaginary

print(f"z1 = {z1}")  # (3+4j)
print(f"z2 = {z2}")  # (2-1j)
print(f"z3 = {z3}")  # 5j

# Access real and imaginary parts
print(f"Real part of z1: {z1.real}")      # 3.0
print(f"Imaginary part of z1: {z1.imag}") # 4.0

# Complex number operations
result = z1 + z2
print(f"z1 + z2 = {result}")  # (5+3j)

result = z1 * z2
print(f"z1 * z2 = {result}")  # (10+5j)

# Complex conjugate
print(f"Conjugate of z1: {z1.conjugate()}")  # (3-4j)

# Absolute value (magnitude)
import math
magnitude = abs(z1)
print(f"Magnitude of z1: {magnitude}")  # 5.0

# Converting to int
float_num = 3.14
string_num = "42"
bool_val = True

print(int(float_num))   # 3 (truncates decimal)
print(int(string_num))  # 42
print(int(bool_val))    # 1 (True = 1, False = 0)

# Converting to float
int_num = 42
string_float = "3.14"

print(float(int_num))      # 42.0
print(float(string_float)) # 3.14

# Converting to complex
real_num = 5
print(complex(real_num))     # (5+0j)
print(complex(3, 4))         # (3+4j)

# Be careful with conversions!
try:
    result = int("3.14")  # This will cause an error
except ValueError as e:
    print(f"Error: {e}")
    # Correct way: convert to float first, then int
    result = int(float("3.14"))
    print(f"Correct conversion: {result}")  # 3

# Simple loan payment calculator
principal = 10000.0      # Loan amount
annual_rate = 0.05       # 5% annual interest rate
years = 3                # Loan term in years

# Convert annual rate to monthly
monthly_rate = annual_rate / 12
num_payments = years * 12

# Calculate monthly payment using formula
# M = P * [r(1+r)^n] / [(1+r)^n - 1]
if monthly_rate > 0:
    monthly_payment = principal * (
        monthly_rate * (1 + monthly_rate) ** num_payments
    ) / (
        (1 + monthly_rate) ** num_payments - 1
    )
else:
    monthly_payment = principal / num_payments

print(f"Loan Details:")
print(f"  Principal: ${principal:,.2f}")
print(f"  Annual Rate: {annual_rate:.1%}")
print(f"  Term: {years} years")
print(f"  Monthly Payment: ${monthly_payment:.2f}")

# Calculate total paid and interest
total_paid = monthly_payment * num_payments
total_interest = total_paid - principal

print(f"\nSummary:")
print(f"  Total Paid: ${total_paid:,.2f}")
print(f"  Total Interest: ${total_interest:,.2f}")
print(f"  Interest as % of Principal: {(total_interest/principal):.1%}")

# Built-in functions
numbers = [1, -5, 3.14, -2.7, 10]

print(f"Numbers: {numbers}")
print(f"Sum: {sum(numbers)}")           # 6.44
print(f"Min: {min(numbers)}")           # -5
print(f"Max: {max(numbers)}")           # 10
print(f"Length: {len(numbers)}")        # 5

# Individual number functions
x = -4.7
print(f"Absolute value of {x}: {abs(x)}")     # 4.7
print(f"Rounded {x}: {round(x)}")             # -5
print(f"Rounded to 1 decimal: {round(x, 1)}") # -4.7

# Power and roots
base = 2
exponent = 8
print(f"{base} to the power of {exponent}: {pow(base, exponent)}")  # 256
print(f"Square root of 16: {16 ** 0.5}")                           # 4.0

import math

# Constants
print(f"Pi: {math.pi}")           # 3.141592653589793
print(f"E: {math.e}")             # 2.718281828459045

# Trigonometric functions (angles in radians)
angle_degrees = 45
angle_radians = math.radians(angle_degrees)
print(f"Sin(45°): {math.sin(angle_radians):.3f}")    # 0.707
print(f"Cos(45°): {math.cos(angle_radians):.3f}")    # 0.707
print(f"Tan(45°): {math.tan(angle_radians):.3f}")    # 1.000

# Logarithms
print(f"Natural log of e: {math.log(math.e)}")       # 1.0
print(f"Log base 10 of 100: {math.log10(100)}")      # 2.0
print(f"Log base 2 of 8: {math.log2(8)}")            # 3.0

# Other useful functions
print(f"Square root of 25: {math.sqrt(25)}")         # 5.0
print(f"Ceiling of 4.3: {math.ceil(4.3)}")           # 5
print(f"Floor of 4.7: {math.floor(4.7)}")            # 4
print(f"Factorial of 5: {math.factorial(5)}")        # 120